Writing

CEFR Level	Writing Sub-skill / Category	Key Focus Areas / Example Lesson Titles
A1 (Beginner)	✍️ Basic Mechanics & Formation	• Forming English Alphabet Letters (Uppercase & Lowercase - for handwriting) • Basic Typing Practice for English Characters • Spelling Own Name & Very Common Words (cat, sun, I, am, is) • Using Capital Letters for "I" and Start of Sentences • Using Full Stops (Periods) at the End of Sentences • Using Question Marks for Simple Questions
A1 (Beginner)	🧱 Sentence Construction & Variety (Very Basic)	• Writing Simple Sentences with Subject-Verb (e.g., "I run." "She eats.") • Writing Simple Sentences with Subject-Verb-Object (e.g., "I like blue." "He has a pen.") • Copying Simple Sentences Correctly
A1 (Beginner)	📧 Genre-Specific Writing (Very Simple)	• Writing Own Name and Address (simple format) • Filling in Very Simple Forms with Personal Details (name, age) • Writing Short Labels or Captions for Pictures (e.g., "a red car")
A2 (Elementary)	✍️ Basic Mechanics & Formation	• Spelling Common Everyday Words Correctly (colors, numbers, days, family) • Using Commas in Simple Lists (e.g., "apples, bananas, and oranges") • Capitalizing Proper Nouns (Names of people, places - basic) • Using Exclamation Marks for Simple Exclamations
A2 (Elementary)	🧱 Sentence Construction & Variety	• Writing Simple Sentences with Adjectives (e.g., "The big dog is brown.") • Using "and," "but," "so" to Connect Simple Sentences (Compound sentences) • Forming Simple Questions (Do you...? What is...?) • Forming Simple Negative Sentences (I do not like...)
A2 (Elementary)	¶️ Paragraphing & Text Organization (Introduction)	• Understanding that Sentences on One Topic Go Together • Writing 2-3 Related Sentences about a Familiar Topic (e.g., My Family, My Pet)
A2 (Elementary)	Descriptive Writing (Simple)	• Using Simple Adjectives to Describe People, Places, and Things • Writing Short Descriptions of a Picture or a Familiar Object
A2 (Elementary)	Narrative Writing (Simple)	• Writing a Sequence of 2-3 Simple Sentences about a Past Event (e.g., "Yesterday I went to the market.") • Using Basic Time Words (e.g., first, then)
A2 (Elementary)	📧 Genre-Specific Writing (Simple Forms)	• Writing a Simple Postcard or Short Personal Note (e.g., birthday greeting) • Writing Very Short, Simple Emails to a Friend (e.g., "Hi, how are you?")
B1 (Intermediate)	✍️ Basic Mechanics & Formation (Review & Accuracy)	• Consistent Spelling of Common Words & Introduction to Spelling Rules • Accurate Use of Commas (lists, before conjunctions in compound sentences, after introductory phrases) • Using Apostrophes for Contractions & Basic Possession
B1 (Intermediate)	🧱 Sentence Construction & Variety	• Writing Clear Compound Sentences with a Variety of Conjunctions • Introduction to Complex Sentences (e.g., using "when," "if," "because," "who," "which") • Avoiding Run-on Sentences (basic strategies)
B1 (Intermediate)	¶️ Paragraphing & Text Organization	• Writing a Basic Paragraph with a Clear Topic Sentence & Supporting Details • Organizing Paragraphs Logically in a Short Text (e.g., a simple story, a description) • Using Basic Transition Words Between Sentences (e.g., also, then, however - simple use)
B1 (Intermediate)	🔗 Cohesion & Coherence (Introduction)	• Using Pronouns Correctly to Refer to Nouns • Using Simple Linking Words (First, Next, Finally; Therefore, However) to Connect Ideas
B1 (Intermediate)	🧐 Planning, Drafting, Revising & Editing (Introduction)	• Brainstorming Ideas Before Writing (e.g., making a list, simple mind map) • Writing a First Draft • Basic Self-Correction for Grammar & Spelling Errors
B1 (Intermediate)	🎯 Audience, Purpose & Register (Formality - Introduction)	• Understanding the Difference Between Formal & Informal Language (simple examples) • Writing Appropriately for a Familiar Audience (e.g., a friend vs. a teacher - simple scenarios)
B1 (Intermediate)	Descriptive Writing	• Using a Range of Adjectives & Adverbs to Create More Detailed Descriptions • Organizing Descriptive Details Logically (e.g., general to specific)
B1 (Intermediate)	Narrative Writing	• Writing a Simple Story with a Clear Beginning, Middle, and End • Describing Characters & Settings Briefly • Using Past Tenses Consistently in Narratives
B1 (Intermediate)	🗣️ Opinion, Argumentative & Persuasive Writing (Simple Opinion)	• Expressing Personal Opinions Clearly (e.g., "I think...", "In my opinion...") • Giving Simple Reasons & Examples to Support an Opinion
B1 (Intermediate)	📝 Summarizing & Paraphrasing (Basic)	• Identifying Main Ideas in a Short, Simple Text • Writing a Short Summary (1-2 sentences) of a Paragraph • Basic Paraphrasing of Simple Sentences
B1 (Intermediate)	📧 Genre-Specific Writing	• Writing Informal Emails & Letters (e.g., to friends, family - thanking, inviting, sharing news) • Writing Simple Formal Letters (e.g., a basic letter of request or inquiry) • Writing Short Blog Posts or Diary Entries on Familiar Topics
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	🧱 Sentence Construction & Variety (Advanced)	• Using a Variety of Complex Sentence Structures (relative clauses, conditional clauses, participle clauses - intro) • Ensuring Sentence Fluency & Avoiding Monotony • Correcting Comma Splices & Fused Sentences
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	¶️ Paragraphing & Text Organization (Essays/Reports)	• Developing Well-Structured Paragraphs with Clear Topic Sentences, Supporting Evidence & Explanations • Organizing Longer Texts (e.g., essays, reports) with Clear Introduction, Body Paragraphs, & Conclusion • Using Topic Sentences & Concluding Sentences Effectively
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	🔗 Cohesion & Coherence	• Using a Range of Cohesive Devices (linking words, pronouns, synonyms, repetition) Effectively • Ensuring Logical Transitions Between Paragraphs • Maintaining a Consistent Viewpoint or Argument
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	🧐 Planning, Drafting, Revising & Editing (The Full Process)	• Developing Detailed Outlines & Plans for Writing Tasks • Drafting Complex Texts Systematically • Revising for Clarity, Coherence, Organization, & Style • Proofreading Meticulously for Errors in Grammar, Punctuation, & Spelling
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	🎯 Audience, Purpose & Register (Formality)	• Analyzing Audience & Purpose to Make Appropriate Stylistic Choices • Consistently Maintaining Formal or Informal Register as Required • Understanding Nuances of Tone and Politeness
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	Descriptive Writing & Narrative Writing (Advanced)	• Using Figurative Language (similes, metaphors) to Enhance Descriptions • Creating Atmosphere & Engaging the Reader in Narratives • Developing Characters & Plot More Thoroughly • Using Dialogue Effectively
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	Expository Writing (Explaining/Informing)	• Writing Clear Explanations of Processes, Concepts, or Systems • Structuring Informative Texts Logically (e.g., classification, cause-effect, comparison-contrast) • Presenting Factual Information Objectively
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	🗣️ Opinion, Argumentative & Persuasive Writing	• Developing a Clear Thesis Statement for an Argumentative Essay • Supporting Arguments with Relevant Evidence, Examples, & Logical Reasoning • Organizing Arguments Coherently • Writing Persuasive Texts (e.g., letters of complaint, proposals - basic)
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	📝 Summarizing & Paraphrasing	• Accurately Summarizing Main Points & Supporting Details of Longer Texts • Effective Paraphrasing to Avoid Plagiarism, Maintaining Original Meaning • Integrating Summarized/Paraphrased Information into Own Writing (basic)
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	📧 Genre-Specific Writing	• Writing Formal Emails & Letters for Various Purposes (applications, inquiries, complaints) • Writing Structured Reports (e.g., book report, event report, simple business report) • Writing Clear Essays on a Variety of Topics (for & against, advantages/disadvantages)
C1 (Advanced)	🧱 Sentence Construction & ¶️ Text Organization (Sophistication)	• Using a Wide Range of Complex Sentence Structures with Accuracy & Stylistic Effect • Crafting Well-Developed, Coherent, and Sophisticated Paragraphs & Essays • Mastering a Variety of Rhetorical Structures for Different Text Types
C1 (Advanced)	🔗 Cohesion & Coherence (Advanced)	• Using Sophisticated Cohesive Devices and Discourse Markers to Create Seamless Flow • Ensuring Global Coherence Throughout Lengthy and Complex Texts
C1 (Advanced)	🧐 Planning, Drafting, Revising & Editing (Expert)	• Advanced Planning & Structuring of Complex Written Pieces • Critical Self-Revision for Content, Style, Tone, and Impact • Advanced Editing Skills for Polished, Professional-Standard Writing
C1 (Advanced)	🎯 Audience, Purpose & Register (Mastery)	• Adapting Writing Style, Tone, and Content Flexibly for Diverse Audiences & Purposes • Mastering Nuances of Register and Formality in Various Professional & Academic Contexts • Using Persuasive and Rhetorical Language Effectively and Appropriately
C1 (Advanced)	🗣️ Argumentative & Persuasive Writing (Advanced)	• Constructing Complex, Well-Supported, and Nuanced Arguments • Effectively Addressing Counter-Arguments and Rebuttals • Using a Range of Persuasive Techniques and Rhetorical Devices • Developing a Strong Authorial Voice
C1 (Advanced)	📝 Summarizing & Paraphrasing (Critical Synthesis)	• Critically Synthesizing Information from Multiple Sources in Summaries & Paraphrases • Integrating Source Material Smoothly and Ethically into Own Writing
C1 (Advanced)	📧 Genre-Specific Writing (Professional & Academic)	• Writing Complex Reports, Proposals, and Formal Correspondence • Writing Well-Structured Academic Essays, Research Papers (introduction to conventions) • Crafting Effective Professional Communications (e.g., cover letters, CVs/resumes, memos)
C1 (Advanced)	🎓 Academic Writing Conventions	• Understanding and Applying Principles of Academic Integrity (Avoiding Plagiarism) • Basic Referencing and Citation Styles (e.g., APA, MLA - introduction) • Using Appropriate Academic Vocabulary and Objective Tone
C2 (Proficiency)	✍️🧱¶️🔗 Overall Writing Mastery	• Producing Clear, Smoothly Flowing, Complex Text in an Appropriate and Effective Style • Demonstrating Masterful Control of Organizational Patterns, Connectors, and Cohesive Devices • Writing with Flexibility, Precision, and Sophistication across a Full Range of Genres
C2 (Proficiency)	🧐🎯🗣️ Critical & Creative Expression	• Crafting Highly Persuasive, Nuanced, and Sophisticated Arguments • Writing Critically and Analytically on Complex Subjects with Insight • Employing a Full Range of Rhetorical and Stylistic Devices with Artistic Control • Developing a Distinctive and Mature Authorial Voice
C2 (Proficiency)	📝📧🎓 Genre Expertise & Adaptation	• Mastering a Wide Variety of Complex Written Genres (academic, professional, creative) • Adapting Writing Effortlessly to Any Purpose, Audience, or Context • Writing Publishable-Quality Material (e.g., articles, reports, literary pieces) • Full Command of Academic Writing Conventions, including Complex Referencing