Grammar: ⚙️ Verbs in Depth: 🎭 Modals & 🌱 Non-Finite Verbs (Advanced) (B2) - Lesson 2: Modals of Deduction & Speculation - Past (must have been, might have V3, couldn't have V3)

Grammar: Modals of Deduction B2 Lesson 2: Speculating About the Past What you will learn: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to use 'must have', 'might/may/could have', and 'can't/couldn't have' to make logical deductions about past events. Why It Matters: From Evidence to Deduction This grammar allows you to connect present evidence to the past. You can look at a current situation and make a logical guess about what caused it. Present Evidence The ground is wet this morning. Past Deduction It must have rained last night. The Grammar Rule 📖 To make a deduction about the past, we use a specific structure that shows our level of certainty. Structure for Past Deductions Modal + have + Past Participle Certainty Modal Verb Example ~95% Sure (Strong Deduction) must have The lights are on. They must have arrived home. ~50% Sure (Possibility) might have may have could have Sothea is late. She might have gotten stuck in traffic. ~5% Sure (Almost Impossible) can't have cou…