Reading: Understanding Text Structure, Cohesion & Coherence (Advanced): B2 Lesson 2: Understanding Complex Cohesive Devices and Reference Systems

Reading B2: Cohesion

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The "Glue" of Texts

ឧបករណ៍ភ្ជាប់សេចក្តីកម្រិតខ្ពស់ (B2)

How do writers connect sentences so they flow perfectly? They use Cohesive Devices.

តើអ្នកនិពន្ធភ្ជាប់ប្រយោគបញ្ចូលគ្នាដោយរបៀបណា ដើម្បីឲ្យអត្ថបទមានភាពរលូន? ពួកគេប្រើប្រាស់ ឧបករណ៍ភ្ជាប់សេចក្តី (Cohesive Devices)។

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Reference Words 🔙

ពាក្យយោង (Anaphoric & Cataphoric)

Pronouns like it, this, that, they replace nouns so we don't repeat them. But in B2 texts, you have to look carefully to find what they refer to!

Anaphoric (Referring Back) The CEO resigned suddenly. This caused a panic. ("This" យោងទៅលើ "The CEO resigned")

Cataphoric (Referring Forward) Despite its flaws, the new plan was approved. ("Its" យោងទៅមុខរកពាក្យ "the new plan")

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Avoiding Repetition ✂️

ការជំនួស និងការលុបពាក្យចោល

Sometimes writers use words like one, do, so to replace a whole phrase, or they just delete words completely if the meaning is obvious.

Substitution (ជំនួស) one / so I lost my phone. I need to buy a new one. ("one" ជំនួសឱ្យពាក្យ "phone")

Ellipsis (លុបចោល) (___) She can speak French, but I can't (speak French). (គេលុបពាក្យ "speak French" ចោលព្រោះយើងដឹងន័យរួចហើយ)

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Advanced Connectors 🚦

ឈ្នាប់កម្រិតខ្ពស់ (B2+)

To follow a writer's argument, you must know what the linking words signal.

Adding Info Furthermore / Moreover The study is flawed. Furthermore, it is outdated. (លើសពីនេះទៅទៀត / បន្ថែមពីនេះ)

Result/Effect Consequently / Therefore It rained heavily; consequently, it flooded. (ជាលទ្ធផល / ហេតុដូច្នេះហើយ)

Contrast Nevertheless / Yet He was tired. Nevertheless, he kept working. (ទោះជាយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ / ប៉ុន្តែ)

The "Lost Pronoun" Trap!

What does "IT" mean?

In advanced texts, "it" or "this" might not refer to the noun right next to it. It might refer to a whole IDEA from the previous sentence!

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"The government increased taxes on fuel. This angered the public."

"This" = The action of increasing taxes (not the fuel itself!). ✅

Quick Check ⚡

ការត្រួតពិនិត្យរហ័ស

Reference Meaning

"The factory closed down. This caused many to lose jobs."

What does "This" refer to? (តើ "This" យោងទៅលើអ្វី?)

Substitution

"I don't like the red car. I prefer the blue ___."

Which word replaces "car"? (តើពាក្យណាជំនួសឱ្យ "car"?)

THE LOST PRONOUN! ❌

"Because of its high price, the new iPhone didn't sell well."

This is an example of what kind of reference?

Logical Connectors

He studied hard for the test; ___, he passed with a high score.

(គាត់ខំរៀនណាស់សម្រាប់ការប្រឡង; ហេតុដូច្នេះហើយ គាត់ប្រឡងជាប់ពិន្ទុខ្ពស់។)

Ellipsis

"Dara finished his homework, but I didn't." What is missing at the end?

(តើពាក្យអ្វីត្រូវបានគេលុបចោលនៅខាងចុងប្រយោគនេះ?)

Mission 🎯

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

Pronoun Hunt 🔍 (អានអត្ថបទព័ត៌មានភាសាអង់គ្លេសមួយ ស្វែងរកពាក្យ "it" ឬ "this" ចំនួន ៣ កន្លែង ហើយកំណត់ថាតើវាយោងទៅលើពាក្យអ្វី។)

Mission 🎯

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

Write it down ✍️ (សរសេរប្រយោគ ២ ដែលប្រើឈ្នាប់ "Consequently" និង "Nevertheless"។)

Mission 🎯

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

Teach a friend 🙋‍♂️ (ពន្យល់មិត្តភក្តិរបស់អ្នកពីអ្វីទៅជា "Cataphoric reference" (ការយោងទៅមុខ) ជាមួយនឹងឧទាហរណ៍!)

Mission 🎯

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

Voice Note 🎤 (ថតសំឡេងអានប្រយោគ "She can play the piano, but I can't." ហើយពន្យល់ពី Ellipsis នៅក្នុងប្រយោគនោះ។)

Video Lesson

មេរៀនជាវីដេអូ

Ask a Question 🙋‍♂️

តើអ្នកមានចម្ងល់មែនទេ? សួរគ្រូនៅទីនេះ!

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Recent Questions

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Socheata 2 hours ago

What is the difference between "Therefore" and "Consequently"?

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Sopheak Pich Teacher 1 hour ago

Hi Socheata! They are very similar and both mean "ជាលទ្ធផល" or "ហេតុដូច្នេះហើយ". However, "Consequently" is a bit more formal and is often used in academic writing to show a direct logical sequence, while "Therefore" is used more broadly in everyday writing to show a conclusion. 📝

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Vireak 5 hours ago

I saw the words "the former" and "the latter" in an article. Are they reference words?

Reply 👍 8

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Sopheak Pich Teacher 4 hours ago

Yes, they are! They are advanced substitution words. If you mention two things, "the former" refers to the FIRST thing you mentioned, and "the latter" refers to the SECOND thing you mentioned. E.g., "I like cats and dogs, but I prefer the latter." (I prefer dogs!). 🐶🐱

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Panha 8 hours ago

Why do writers use "cataphoric" reference (referring forward)? Doesn't it just confuse the reader?

Reply 👍 6

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Sopheak Pich Teacher 7 hours ago

It is actually a stylistic trick! Writers use it to create a little bit of suspense or anticipation. By using "its" before introducing the noun, they make you want to keep reading to find out what "it" is. It is very common in journalism and literature! 📖