Reading: Understanding Text Structure, Cohesion & Coherence (Advanced): B2 Lesson 2: Understanding Complex Cohesive Devices and Reference Systems

Reading B2: Lesson 2

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Advanced Cohesion

ភាពស្អិតរមួតកម្រិតខ្ពស់

In advanced texts, authors don't just link sentences—they link entire ideas and paragraphs using complex references.

នៅក្នុងអត្ថបទកម្រិតខ្ពស់ អ្នកនិពន្ធមិនត្រឹមតែភ្ជាប់ប្រយោគនោះទេ តែពួកគេភ្ជាប់គំនិត និងកថាខណ្ឌទាំងមូលតែម្តង ដោយប្រើប្រាស់ពាក្យជំនួសយ៉ាងស្មុគស្មាញ។

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The Former & The Latter compare_arrows

អ្នកទីមួយ និង អ្នកទីពីរ (វត្ថុមុន និង វត្ថុក្រោយ)

When an author mentions TWO things, they use these words to refer back to them without repeating their names.

Example

"Cambodia and Thailand are neighbors. The former is famous for Angkor Wat, while the latter is known for its street food." "កម្ពុជា និងថៃ គឺជាប្រទេសជិតខាង។ ប្រទេសទីមួយ (កម្ពុជា) ល្បីល្បាញខាងប្រាសាទអង្គរវត្ត ចំណែកឯ ប្រទេសទីពីរ (ថៃ) ល្បីល្បាញខាងម្ហូបតាមដងផ្លូវ។"

summarize

Summarizing Nouns summarize

នាមសង្ខេប (This / These / Such + Noun)

Instead of repeating a whole idea, authors use a summarizing noun to package the previous thought.

Example 1

"Pollution is increasing rapidly in the city. This issue must be solved immediately." "ការបំពុលកំពុងកើនឡើងយ៉ាងឆាប់រហ័សនៅក្នុងទីក្រុង។ បញ្ហានេះ (ការបំពុលកើនឡើង) ត្រូវតែដោះស្រាយភ្លាមៗ។"

Example 2

"Some tourists throw trash on the ground. Such behavior is unacceptable." "ភ្ញៀវទេសចរខ្លះបោះចោលសំរាមលើដី។ អាកប្បកិរិយាបែបនេះ គឺមិនអាចទទួលយកបានទេ។"

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Advanced Linkers alt_route

ពាក្យភ្ជាប់កម្រិតខ្ពស់ (Parallel Structures)

Not only... but also

"The tour is not only educational, but also fun." "ដំណើរកម្សាន្តនេះ មិនត្រឹមតែ ផ្តល់ចំណេះដឹងនោះទេ ថែមទាំង សប្បាយទៀតផង។"

On the one hand...

"On the one hand, social media connects us. On the other hand, it can waste time." "ម្យ៉ាង បណ្តាញសង្គមភ្ជាប់ទំនាក់ទំនងយើង។ ម្យ៉ាងវិញទៀត វាអាចធ្វើឱ្យខាតពេលវេលា។"

warning The Vague "This" Trap!

What exactly does "This" refer to?

(អន្ទាក់ពាក្យ This! ជួនកាលពាក្យ This មិនសំដៅទៅលើនាមតែមួយម៉ាត់នោះទេ តែវាសំដៅទៅលើគំនិតនៃប្រយោគខាងមុខទាំងមូល!)

"The factory dumped chemicals into the river. This caused the fish to die."

close "This" refers to the river. (ខុស! វាហាក់ដូចជាទន្លេធ្វើឱ្យត្រីងាប់។)

"The factory dumped chemicals into the river. This caused the fish to die."

check_circle "This" refers to the ENTIRE ACTION of dumping chemicals. (ត្រឹមត្រូវ! សកម្មភាពចាក់គីមីចូលទន្លេ ធ្វើឱ្យត្រីងាប់។)

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Quick Check bolt

ការត្រួតពិនិត្យរហ័ស

Former & Latter

"Sok and Sao went to the market. The former bought fish." Who bought fish?

(តើនរណាជាអ្នកទិញត្រី?)

summarize

Summarizing Nouns

"Traffic is getting worse, and air quality is dropping. ___ issues require immediate action." Fill in the blank.

(ចរាចរណ៍កាន់តែអាក្រក់ ហើយគុណភាពខ្យល់ធ្លាក់ចុះ។ បញ្ហា... ទាមទារចំណាត់ការភ្លាមៗ។)

TRAP QUESTION! error

"The students protested the new uniform rules. This surprised the teachers."

What does "This" refer to? (តើ "This" សំដៅលើអ្វី?)

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Linkers in Context

"He studied hard for the test; ___, he failed."

(គាត់ខំរៀនសម្រាប់ប្រឡងណាស់ ... គាត់ប្រឡងធ្លាក់។ តើត្រូវប្រើពាក្យភ្ជាប់មួយណា?)

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True or False

Cohesion only happens within a single sentence. It never links one paragraph to another.

(ភាពស្អិតរមួតកើតឡើងតែក្នុងប្រយោគមួយប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ វាមិនដែលភ្ជាប់កថាខណ្ឌមួយទៅកថាខណ្ឌមួយទៀតទេ។ ពិត ឬ ខុស?)

article

Mission my_location

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

News Hunter article (ស្វែងរកពាក្យ "the former" ឬ "the latter" នៅក្នុងអត្ថបទព័ត៌មានភាសាអង់គ្លេស។)

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Mission my_location

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

Writer's Block edit_document (សរសេរប្រយោគចំនួន ២ ដែលភ្ជាប់គ្នាដោយឃ្លា "such a phenomenon"។)

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Mission my_location

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

Teach a Friend groups (ពន្យល់មិត្តភក្តិអំពីរបៀបដែលពាក្យ "This" អាចសំដៅលើគំនិតទាំងមូល មិនមែនតែវត្ថុមួយនោះទេ។)

The Invisible Glue movie

មេរៀនជាវីដេអូ

Watch Teacher Sopheak decode complex texts by mapping out the invisible connections between paragraphs.

Ask a Question person_raised_hand

តើអ្នកមានចម្ងល់មែនទេ? សួរគ្រូនៅទីនេះ!

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Recent Questions

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Sovan 2 hours ago

Teacher, why use "the former" instead of just saying the name again?

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SP

Sopheak Pich Teacher 1 hour ago

Hi Sovan! Good question. It avoids repetition and makes the writing sound much more academic and professional. It shows advanced language control. school

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Visal 5 hours ago

Can the word "This" refer to an entire paragraph?

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SP

Sopheak Pich Teacher 4 hours ago

Yes, absolutely! That is called "broad reference." Authors often use "This" or "This situation" to summarize a whole complex idea they just explained. summarize

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Minea 8 hours ago

What is the difference between "therefore" and "nevertheless"?

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SP

Sopheak Pich Teacher 7 hours ago

They are opposites! "Therefore" shows a logical result (Cause ➔ Effect). "Nevertheless" shows contrast, meaning "Despite what was just said" (Expectation ➔ Surprise). alt_route