Reading: Understanding Text Structure, Cohesion & Coherence (Advanced): B2 Lesson 2: Understanding Complex Cohesive Devices and Reference Systems

Advanced Cohesion

B2 Lesson 2: Reference & Linking Words

Goal: Understand how words like "This", "It", "However", and "Therefore" glue a text together.

1. Reference (The Hook)

Reference words "hook" onto other words so we don't repeat them.

Sarah
Noun

She
Refers Back

"Sarah is happy because she won." (Anaphora)

This
Refers Forward

Problem
Noun

"This is the problem: the engine is broken." (Cataphora)

2. Linker Logic

At B2 level, we use sophisticated words to connect ideas.

Contrast (Opposite)

However
Nevertheless
Despite this
On the other hand

Result (Outcome)

Therefore
Consequently
As a result
Thus

Addition (More)

Furthermore
Moreover
In addition
Besides

3. Analyze the Text

Read the text about Cambodian Silk. Look at the highlighted connections.

"Golden silk is a famous product of Cambodia. However, the production of this textile declined in the 1970s. Consequently, many weavers lost their jobs. Fortunately, they are now returning to the craft. Moreover, tourists love to buy it as a souvenir."

• this textile = Golden silk
• they = many weavers
• it = Golden silk

4. Quick Check

Text: "The project was expensive. Therefore, we cancelled it."

1. What does "Therefore" show? Contrast (But) Result (So)

Text: "Dara loves his new bike. He rides it every day."

2. What does "it" refer to? Dara The bike

Text: "It rained heavily. Nevertheless, we played football."

3. What does "Nevertheless" mean here? Even though it rained (Contrast) Also (Addition)