Writing: Advanced Argumentation & Persuasion C1 - Lesson 2: Building Counter-arguments and Refutations

C1 Writing: Refutation

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The Turn

Counter-Argument & Refutation

To persuade at C1 level, you must anticipate what the "enemy" thinks, state it clearly, and then dismantle it.

1. Counter-Argument (Them) "Critics may argue that space exploration is a waste of public funds."

2. The Pivot (However / Nevertheless)

3. Refutation (You) "However, this perspective overlooks the technological advancements derived from space research that benefit daily life."

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The Pivot Toolkit

Language of Debate

Them

Proponents of X might argue that...

"Proponents of censorship might argue that it protects children."

Them

It is often asserted that...

"It is often asserted that AI will destroy jobs."

You

This argument is flawed because...

"This argument is flawed because it ignores historical data."

You

While this may be true to some extent,...

"...it fails to address the root cause."

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Dismantle the Argument

Topic: Car Ban in Cities

1. State the Opposition ...Choose... Some people like cars. Opponents of the ban argue that it would damage local businesses.

2. The Pivot ...Choose... Nevertheless, But,

3. The Refutation ...Choose... I think walking is better. evidence suggests that pedestrianized zones actually increase footfall and revenue.

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Mission

Write the Turn

Topic: "Is AI Art 'Real' Art?"

Task: Write a 3-part paragraph in your notebook:

• Concession: "It is commonly argued that AI art lacks human emotion..."
• Pivot: "However..."
• Refutation: "...this view fails to recognize that the prompt itself is a creative human act."