Speaking: Functional Language B2 - Lesson 3: Hypothesizing & Speculating About Past/Future

Functional B2

psychology_alt

Speculating

ការសន្និដ្ឋាន និងការស្មាន

At B2 level, we don't just talk about facts! We make guesses about the future and imagine alternative realities in the past.

នៅកម្រិត B2 យើងមិនត្រឹមតែនិយាយពីការពិតនោះទេ។ យើងត្រូវចេះស្មានអំពីអនាគត និងស្រមៃពីអ្វីដែលអាចកើតឡើងផ្សេងពីការពិតក្នុងអតីតកាល។

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Past Deductions

ការទាញសេចក្តីសន្និដ្ឋានក្នុងអតីតកាល (Past Modals)

Modal + have + V3 (Past Participle)

He must have forgotten. គាត់ប្រាកដជាបានភ្លេចហើយ។ (ជឿជាក់ ៩០%)

She might have left early. នាងប្រហែលជាបានចេញទៅមុនហើយ។ (មិនសូវប្រាកដ ៥០%)

They can't have finished! ពួកគេមិនអាចធ្វើរួចរាល់នៅឡើយទេ! (ជឿជាក់ថាមិនពិត ៩០%)

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Alternative Past

ការស្រមៃអំពីអតីតកាល (3rd Conditional)

If + Had + V3 , would have + V3

If I had known, I would have helped. ប្រសិនបើខ្ញុំបានដឹង ខ្ញុំច្បាស់ជាបានជួយបាត់ទៅហើយ។ (តែការពិតគឺមិនបានដឹង)

If it hadn't rained, we would have gone. បើសិនជាមេឃមិនភ្លៀងទេ ពួកយើងច្បាស់ជាបានទៅបាត់ហើយ។ (តែការពិតគឺមេឃភ្លៀង)

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Future Speculation

ការស្មានអំពីអនាគត

We might be living in Phnom Penh next year. ពួកយើងប្រហែលជានឹងកំពុងរស់នៅភ្នំពេញនៅឆ្នាំក្រោយ។ (Future Continuous)

I imagine they will launch the app soon. ខ្ញុំស្រមៃថាពួកគេនឹងបញ្ចេញកម្មវិធីនេះក្នុងពេលឆាប់ៗ។ (Phrase + Future Simple)

warning The "Of" Trap!

Must have vs. Must of

(ជនជាតិបរទេសភាគច្រើនបញ្ចេញសំឡេង "Must've" ដែលស្តាប់ទៅដូចជា "Must of"។ ប៉ុន្តែនៅពេលសរសេរ វាជាកំហុសដ៏ធំមួយ!)

He must of forgotten. cancel

Grammatically impossible!

He must have forgotten. check_circle

Perfectly correct.

Alternative Realities movie

Watch Teacher Sopheak explain how to use Past Modals and the 3rd Conditional to talk about things that never actually happened!

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Quick Check bolt

ការត្រួតពិនិត្យរហ័ស

Past Deduction

I can't find my keys. I ___ left them at work.

(ខ្ញុំរកសោមិនឃើញទេ។ ខ្ញុំប្រាកដជាបានភ្លេចវានៅកន្លែងធ្វើការហើយ។)

3rd Conditional Structure

If she had studied, she ___ passed the exam.

(ប្រសិនបើនាងបានខំរៀន នាងច្បាស់ជាប្រឡងជាប់ហើយ។)

error GRAMMAR TRAP!

Which sentence is grammatically correct for writing?

(តើប្រយោគមួយណាត្រឹមត្រូវតាមវេយ្យាករណ៍សម្រាប់ការសរសេរ?)

Future Continuous

This time next week, I ___ on a beach.

(ម៉ោងនេះនៅសប្តាហ៍ក្រោយ ខ្ញុំប្រហែលជាកំពុងអង្គុយលេងនៅមាត់សមុទ្រ។)

Meaning Match

"He can't have stolen the car."

What does this mean? (តើនេះមានន័យដូចម្តេច?)

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Mission track_changes

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

history Alternate Reality (Write one 3rd Conditional sentence about your own life. Example: "If I hadn't learned English, I wouldn't have got this job.")

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Mission track_changes

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

search The Detective (Look at a friend who looks tired today. Make a past deduction using "must have". E.g., "You must have slept late.")

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Mission track_changes

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

mic Voice Note (Record yourself predicting your friend's future using "might be + V-ing". E.g., "Next year, you might be working in Korea!")

Ask a Question front_hand

តើអ្នកមានចម្ងល់មែនទេ? សួរគ្រូនៅទីនេះ!

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Recent Questions

S

Sovan 2 hours ago

Teacher, why is it "would have gone" and not "would had gone"?

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Sopheak Pich Teacher 1 hour ago

Hi Sovan! Good question. "Would" is a modal verb. Rule of English: after ANY modal verb (will, would, can, could, must, might), the next verb MUST be in its base form. So, it must always be "would HAVE", never "would had" or "would has"! menu_book

V

Vireak 5 hours ago

Can I use "must to have" to guess the past?

Reply thumb_up 10

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Sopheak Pich Teacher 4 hours ago

No, Vireak. Never put "to" directly after "must". It is always "must have + V3". (e.g., He must have eaten the cake). block

M

Minea 8 hours ago

What is the difference between 'might have' and 'must have'?

Reply thumb_up 12

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Sopheak Pich Teacher 7 hours ago

It's about how sure you are! Use "might have" when it's a 50/50 guess (Maybe she left early, I don't know). Use "must have" when you are 90% sure based on evidence (Her bag is gone, so she MUST have left early). search