Speaking: Fluency & Coherence B2 - Lesson 3: Structuring Arguments Logically.

Speaking: Fluency & Coherence B2

Structuring Arguments Logically

What you will learn: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to use the A-R-E-C framework to build strong, logical arguments for discussions, debates, or presentations.

The A-R-E-C Framework 🏛️

A strong argument is like a well-built wall—each brick supports the others. To make your point persuasive and easy to follow, use this four-part structure.

AAssertion

State your main point or claim clearly.

"From my perspective...", "I firmly believe that..."

RReasoning

Explain *why* you believe your assertion is true.

"The main reason for this is...", "This is because..."

EEvidence

Provide a specific example, fact, or story to support your reasoning.

"For instance...", "A clear example of this is..."

CConclusion

Summarize your point or explain the consequence.

"Therefore...", "As a result, it's clear that..."

Framework in Action: A Dialogue 💬

Listen to this discussion. Notice how Sreyneath uses the A-R-E-C framework to present a clear and persuasive argument.

Bora: "I was reading that some cities are planning to ban all private cars from the city center. Do you think that would ever work in Phnom Penh?"

Sreyneath: "That's a complex issue, but (A) I believe it's a necessary long-term goal for the city. (R) My main reasoning is that it would dramatically reduce air pollution and traffic congestion. (E) For instance, cities like Amsterdam that prioritize bicycles have much cleaner air. (C) Therefore, I think the positive consequences for public health make it a goal worth pursuing."

Advanced Techniques

🔗 Connecting Multiple Arguments

In a real discussion, you often need to make more than one point. You can link multiple A-R-E-C arguments together using discourse markers.

1. Start with your first point using A-R-E-C.
2. Introduce your second point: "Furthermore, we need to consider the economic impact..." (Then use A-R-E-C for this new point).
3. Acknowledge the other side: "On the other hand, some people might argue that..."
4. Conclude your entire argument: "In conclusion, after considering both sides..."

Check Your Understanding 🎯

💡 Practice Quiz: Identify the Structure

Read this short argument and identify the function of each part.

"(1) In my view, all students should learn a musical instrument. (2) This is because it teaches discipline and creativity. (3) To illustrate, studies have shown that students who play music often perform better in math. (4) As a result, music education is a powerful tool for overall development."

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Question: Which sentence represents the 'Evidence' part of the A-R-E-C framework?

A) Sentence 1
B) Sentence 2
C) Sentence 3
D) Sentence 4

→ Answer: C. Sentence 3 provides specific evidence (studies) to support the reasoning.

Key Vocabulary

• Logical / Reasoning (Adjective / Noun) | សមហេតុផល / ការមានហេតុផល
  Characterized by clear, sound thinking.
• Argument (Noun) | ការជជែកវែកញែក
  A set of reasons given to persuade others.
• Evidence (Noun) | ភស្តុតាង
  Facts or signs that make you believe something is true.
• Assertion (Noun) | ការអះអាង
  A confident statement that you believe to be true; a claim.

Your Mission: Build Your Own Argument ⭐

Your mission is to practice building a logical argument from scratch.

1. Choose a topic. (e.g., "Is it better to work for a large company or a small company?")
2. Decide your Assertion. (e.g., "I believe working for a small company is better for career growth.")
3. Plan your A-R-E-C points. Write down keywords for each part.
   • R (Reason): more responsibility, learn faster.
   • E (Example): my friend at a startup now manages projects.
   • C (Conclusion): small companies offer better hands-on experience.
4. Practice saying your argument out loud. Use your notes to guide you. Try to make it sound natural and easy to follow.