Grammar: ⚙️ Verbs in Depth: 🎭 Modals & 🌱 Non-Finite Verbs (Advanced) (B2) - Lesson 8: Perfect Gerunds (having V3) & Perfect Infinitives (to have V3)

Grammar: B2 Pro

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Time Travel Verbs

កិរិយាសព្ទមិនប្រែប្រួលបរិបូរណ៍ (B2)

Perfect Gerunds & Infinitives show that an action happened BEFORE the main verb.

យើងប្រើទម្រង់ Perfect ដើម្បីបញ្ជាក់ថាសកម្មភាពមួយបានកើតឡើង និងបញ្ចប់មុនសកម្មភាពគោល។

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Perfect Gerunds 🔄

having + V3

Rule: Used after prepositions or verbs that take gerunds (admit, deny, regret, apologize for) to emphasize a completed past action.

Regret (សោកស្តាយ) He regretted having spoken so rudely. (គាត់បានសោកស្តាយដែលបាននិយាយយ៉ាងគំរោះគំរើយកាលពីមុន។)

Deny (បដិសេធ) She denied having stolen the money. (នាងបានបដិសេធថាមិនបានលួចលុយនោះទេ។)

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Perfect Infinitives ✨

to have + V3

Rule: Used after verbs like seem, appear, claim, pretend to refer to a past event from the perspective of the present.

Claim (អះអាង) She claims to have met the President. (នាងអះអាងថានាងធ្លាប់បានជួបប្រធានាធិបតីកាលពីមុន។)

Seem (ហាក់ដូចជា) They seem to have finished the project. (ពួកគេហាក់ដូចជាបានបញ្ចប់គម្រោងរួចរាល់ហើយ។)

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Passive Forms 🛡️

ទម្រង់អកម្ម (ត្រូវបានគេ...)

Rule: Use having been V3 or to have been V3 when the subject received the action in the past.

having been + V3 He is angry about having been fired. (គាត់ខឹងដែលត្រូវបានគេបញ្ឈប់ពីការងារ។)

to have been + V3 The artifact is believed to have been stolen in 1990. (វត្ថុបុរាណនេះត្រូវបានគេជឿថា ត្រូវបានគេលួចនៅឆ្នាំ 1990។)

Grammar Traps!

Trap 1: Simple vs Perfect Gerund

In modern English, both are often used, but Perfect is strictly for a past timeline.

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He denied stealing. (Acceptable)
He denied having stolen. (More formal/precise timeline)

Trap 2: With Modals (Bare Perfect)

After modals (must, should, would), drop the "to"! Use have + V3.

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She must to have left. ❌
She must have left. ✅

Quick Check ⚡

ការត្រួតពិនិត្យរហ័ស

Concept Check

What do perfect gerunds and infinitives show?

(តើកិរិយាសព្ទទាំងនេះបង្ហាញពីអ្វី?)

Fill in the Blank

He apologized for ___ the vase yesterday.

(គាត់បានសុំទោសចំពោះការធ្វើឱ្យបែកថូផ្កាកាលពីម្សិលមិញ។)

Perfect Infinitive

They seem ___ the project already.

(ពួកគេហាក់ដូចជាបានបញ្ចប់គម្រោងរួចរាល់ហើយ។)

Passive Form

She is proud of ___ as the team leader.

(នាងមានមោទនភាពដែលត្រូវបានគេជ្រើសរើសជាប្រធានក្រុម។)

GRAMMAR TRAP! ❌

Which sentence emphasizes that the action happened earlier?

(តើប្រយោគមួយណាបញ្ជាក់ថាសកម្មភាពបានកើតឡើងមុន?)

Mission 🎯

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

Write a Regret ✍️ (សរសេរប្រយោគ ១ ដោយប្រើ "regret having + V3" អំពីរឿងដែលអ្នកសោកស្តាយកាលពីអតីតកាល។ ឧ. I regret having eaten too much.)

Mission 🎯

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

Observation 👀 (សរសេរប្រយោគ ១ ដោយប្រើ "seems to have + V3" ពណ៌នាពីនរណាម្នាក់។ ឧ. He seems to have lost his keys.)

Mission 🎯

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

Teach a friend 🙋‍♂️ (ពន្យល់មិត្តភក្តិពីភាពខុសគ្នារវាង "to do" (បច្ចុប្បន្ន/អនាគត) និង "to have done" (អតីតកាល)!)

Mission 🎯

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

Voice Note 🎤 (ថតសំឡេងខ្លួនឯងអាន: "I claim to have seen a UFO!" រយៈពេល ១០ វិនាទី។)

Video Lesson

មេរៀនជាវីដេអូ

Ask a Question 🙋‍♂️

តើអ្នកមានចម្ងល់មែនទេ? សួរគ្រូនៅទីនេះ!

U

Recent Questions

S

Sovan 2 hours ago

Do I *always* have to use "having V3" instead of just "V-ing"?

Reply 👍 15

SP

Sopheak Pich Teacher 1 hour ago

Hi Sovan! Not always! "He denied stealing" is also correct in modern English, but "having stolen" sounds more formal and makes the timeline 100% precise. 🧠

V

Vireak 5 hours ago

Can I use perfect infinitives with modals?

Reply 👍 8

SP

Sopheak Pich Teacher 4 hours ago

Yes! "She *must have left* early." This uses the bare perfect infinitive (have + V3). Just remember to drop the "to" after modals! 📝

T

Thida 8 hours ago

Is "having been V3" passive?

Reply 👍 5

SP

Sopheak Pich Teacher 7 hours ago

Yes! "Having been warned" means someone else warned you in the past. It combines the perfect timing with passive voice. 🛡️