B2 Discourse: Identifying Simple Discourse Markers
Welcome to a new B2 series! In this lesson, we will learn about special 'signal' words called Discourse Markers1. These are small but powerful words that organize conversation and show the connection between ideas.
1. The Function of Advanced Discourse Markers
Discourse markers are like 'signposts' that show the relationship between ideas. Here are some common markers categorized by their function:
| Discourse Marker | Its Function (Its Job) |
|---|---|
| Sequencing / Adding Points | Firstly, Secondly, Furthermore, Moreover, In addition |
| Showing Contrast | However, On the other hand, Nevertheless, Whereas |
| Giving Examples | For instance, For example, To illustrate |
| Showing Result/Conclusion | Therefore, Consequently, As a result, In conclusion |
2. Practice Monologue: The Benefits of Learning a Foreign Language
Let's practice. You will hear a short presentation. As you listen, pay close attention to the discourse markers. They will help you follow the structure of the argument.
"There are numerous benefits to learning a foreign language, beyond simply being able to travel. Firstly, it significantly improves your cognitive abilities3. For example, studies have shown that bilingual people are better at problem-solving. Furthermore, learning a new language opens up professional opportunities... On the other hand, some people argue that it's too difficult and time-consuming. However, I believe the long-term benefits far outweigh4 the initial challenges. Therefore, I would argue that investing time in language learning is one of the most rewarding things a person can do..."
3. Analyzing the Structure
Let's break down how the speaker structured their talk using discourse markers.
- Which word introduced the first main point?
- Which phrase was used to give an example about cognitive abilities?
- Which word added a second, related point about job opportunities?
- Which phrase introduced the opposing viewpoint?
- Which word showed a contrast to that opposing viewpoint?
- Which word signaled the final conclusion?
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Answers: 1. Firstly, 2. For example, 3. Furthermore, 4. On the other hand, 5. However, 6. Therefore.
Final Quiz: Identify the Marker's Function
Listen to the sentences. Choose the function of the bolded discourse marker.
-
"The weather was beautiful. Consequently, all the outdoor tours were fully booked."
Function? (a) Adding a point, (b) Showing a result, (c) Giving an example
-
"The first reason is the cost. Moreover, we need to consider the time commitment."
Function? (a) Showing contrast, (b) Concluding, (c) Adding another point
-
"Some ancient sites are very well preserved. To illustrate, look at the carvings at Banteay Srei."
Function? (a) Giving an example, (b) Showing a result, (c) Showing contrast
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Answers: 1-b, 2-c, 3-a
Homework Task
1. Marker Hunt: Watch a TED Talk on a topic that interests you. Listen for discourse markers. Write down at least one marker the speaker uses for each function: Adding a point, showing contrast, giving an example, and concluding.
2. Structure an Argument: Think of an opinion you have (e.g., "Siem Reap should have more bicycle lanes."). Write a short, 3-4 sentence argument for it. Try to use at least three different discourse markers (e.g., "Firstly...", "However...", "Therefore...") to structure your thoughts.
Vocabulary Glossary
- Discourse Marker (noun) - Khmer: សញ្ញាសម្គាល់នៃវាកស័ព្ទ - A word or phrase that organizes speech/writing and signals the logical relationship between ideas. ↩
- To Structure (verb) - Khmer: រៀបចំ - To arrange or organize in a particular, logical way. ↩
- Cognitive Abilities (noun phrase) - Khmer: សមត្ថភាពយល់ដឹង - Mental skills related to thinking, reasoning, remembering, and problem-solving. ↩
- To Outweigh (verb) - Khmer: មានសារៈសំខាន់ជាង - To be more important, valuable, or significant than something else. ↩