Grammar: ⚙️ Verbs in Depth: Mastery (C1) - Lesson 5: Reduced Relative Clauses (using participles: The man sitting over there...)

Lesson 5: Reduced Relative Clauses

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Reduced Relative Clauses

ឃ្លាអនុប្រយោគកាត់បន្ថយ

In advanced C1 English, we can shorten relative clauses (who/which/that) by using Participles to make our sentences more concise and elegant.

ក្នុងកម្រិតភាសាអង់គ្លេស C1 យើងអាចបង្រួញឃ្លាអនុប្រយោគដោយប្រើ Participles ដើម្បីធ្វើឱ្យប្រយោគរបស់យើងខ្លី និងពីរោះស្តាប់ជាងមុន។

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Active Meaning: -ING 🏃‍♂️

ទម្រង់សកម្ម៖ ប្រើ Present Participle (-ing)

The man sitting over there is my boss. Full: The man WHO IS SITTING over there... បុរសដែលកំពុងអង្គុយនៅទីនោះគឺជាមេរបស់ខ្ញុំ។

Students taking the exam must be quiet. Full: Students WHO ARE TAKING the exam... សិស្សដែលកំពុងប្រឡងត្រូវតែស្ងៀមស្ងាត់។

Anyone experiencing difficulties should call IT. Full: Anyone WHO EXPERIENCES difficulties... អ្នកដែលជួបប្រទះការលំបាកគួរតែទូរស័ព្ទទៅផ្នែក IT។

The company developing the software is based here. Full: The company WHICH DEVELOPS the software... ក្រុមហ៊ុនដែលអភិវឌ្ឍកម្មវិធីកុំព្យូទ័រនេះមានមូលដ្ឋាននៅទីនេះ។

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Passive Meaning: V3 / -ED 🏗️

ទម្រង់អកម្ម៖ ប្រើ Past Participle (កិរិយាសព្ទខ្ទង់ទី៣)

The policies introduced last year failed. Full: The policies WHICH WERE INTRODUCED... គោលនយោបាយដែលត្រូវបានណែនាំកាលពីឆ្នាំមុនបានបរាជ័យ។

Products manufactured in this facility are exported. Full: Products WHICH ARE MANUFACTURED... ផលិតផលដែលផលិតនៅរោងចក្រនេះត្រូវបាននាំចេញ។

The suspect arrested by the police remained silent. Full: The suspect WHO WAS ARRESTED... ជនសង្ស័យដែលត្រូវបានចាប់ខ្លួនដោយប៉ូលីសបានរក្សាភាពស្ងៀមស្ងាត់។

Funds allocated for the project have run out. Full: Funds WHICH HAVE BEEN ALLOCATED... មូលនិធិដែលត្រូវបានបែងចែកសម្រាប់គម្រោងនេះបានអស់ហើយ។

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Completed Action: Having + V3 ⏳

សកម្មភាពដែលបានបញ្ចប់មុន៖ ប្រើ Perfect Participle

The manager, having noticed the error, halted production. Full: The manager, WHO HAD NOTICED the error,... អ្នកគ្រប់គ្រង ដោយបានកត់សម្គាល់ឃើញកំហុស ក៏បានបញ្ឈប់ការផលិត។

The team, having won the championship, celebrated all night. Full: The team, WHO HAD WON the championship,... ក្រុមនោះ បន្ទាប់ពីបានឈ្នះជើងឯក បានអបអរសាទរពេញមួយយប់។

Having completed the report, she left the office. Full: Because she HAD COMPLETED the report,... បន្ទាប់ពីបានបញ្ចប់របាយការណ៍ នាងក៏បានចាកចេញពីការិយាល័យ។

The Passive vs Active Trap!

Do not mix up who is doing the action and who is receiving it!

(កុំច្រឡំរវាងទម្រង់សកម្ម -ing ជាមួយទម្រង់អកម្ម V3!)

"The dog biting by the boy..."
This means the dog is doing the biting! ❌

"The dog bitten by the boy..."
This means the dog received the bite (Passive). ✅

Quick Check ⚡

ការត្រួតពិនិត្យរហ័ស

Grammar Choice

The girl ___ in the corner is a genius.

(ក្មេងស្រីដែលកំពុងអានសៀវភៅនៅកាច់ជ្រុងនោះគឺជាមនុស្សពូកែ។)

Active or Passive?

The vase ___ yesterday belonged to my grandmother.

(ថូដែលបានបែកកាលពីម្សិលមិញជារបស់យាយខ្ញុំ។)

LITERAL TRAP! ❌

Reduce this sentence correctly: "The car which was washed by the man looks brand new."

(តើការបង្រួញប្រយោគមួយណាដែលត្រឹមត្រូវ?)

Context Fill

Anyone ___ to join the club must sign up here.

(អ្នកដែលចង់ចូលរួមក្នុងក្លឹបត្រូវចុះឈ្មោះនៅទីនេះ។)

Perfect Participle

___ the test, the students left the room.

(បន្ទាប់ពីបានបញ្ចប់ការប្រឡង សិស្សានុសិស្សក៏បានចាកចេញពីបន្ទប់។)

Mission 🎯

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

News Observation 🕵️‍♂️ (ស្វែងរកអត្ថបទព័ត៌មានជាភាសាអង់គ្លេស ហើយគូសបញ្ជាក់ប្រយោគដែលមានការបង្រួញឃ្លាដោយប្រើ -ing ឬ -ed ចំនួន ២។)

Mission 🎯

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

Sentence Transformation ✍️ (សរសេរបំប្លែងប្រយោគនេះ "The emails which were sent yesterday were ignored" ទៅជាទម្រង់កាត់បន្ថយ។)

Mission 🎯

អនុវត្តផ្ទាល់!

Voice Record 🎤 (ថតសំឡេងខ្លួនឯងអានប្រយោគ "The man sitting over there is my manager" ឱ្យមានភាពរលូន និងជាធម្មជាតិ។)

Video Lesson

មេរៀនជាវីដេអូ

Ask a Question 🙋‍♂️

តើអ្នកមានចម្ងល់មែនទេ? សួរគ្រូនៅទីនេះ!

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Recent Questions

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Vireak 2 hours ago

Can we reduce relative clauses with "stative verbs" like want or know?

Reply 👍 8

SP

Sopheak Pich Teacher 1 hour ago

Yes, you can! Even though stative verbs are not normally used in the continuous (-ing) tense, we CAN use them as participles. Example: "Anyone wanting to join..." is perfectly correct in C1 grammar! 🧠

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Nita 5 hours ago

Do I have to use reduced relative clauses, or can I just use the full "who/which"?

Reply 👍 5

SP

Sopheak Pich Teacher 4 hours ago

You can always use the full form, and it is 100% correct. However, reducing them makes your English sound much more advanced, concise, and academic. It is highly recommended for C1 writing! 📝

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Ratha 8 hours ago

Is "Having been..." also correct?

Reply 👍 12

SP

Sopheak Pich Teacher 7 hours ago

Yes, that is the Perfect Passive Participle! It is used when an action was completed to someone/something in the past before the main action. Example: "Having been repaired, the machine worked perfectly." ⚙️