Grammar

CEFR Level	Grammar Sub-skill / Category	Key Focus Areas / Example Lesson Titles
A1 (Beginner)	✨ Grammar Essentials: 🧩 Parts of Speech - Basics	• What is a Noun? (People, places, things) • Singular & Plural Nouns (common, regular: -s, -es) • Personal Pronouns (Subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, they) • The Verb "to be" (am, is, are - present) • The Verb "have got" (possession) • Basic Action Verbs (eat, drink, go) • Articles: "a/an" & "the" (introduction) • Demonstratives: "this," "that," "these," "those" • Possessive Adjectives (my, your, his) • Basic Adjectives (colors, big, small) • Basic Prepositions of Place (in, on, under) & Time (at, in, on) • Conjunctions: "and," "but," "or"
A1 (Beginner)	✨ Grammar Essentials: 🏗️ Sentence Structure - Basics	• Basic Sentence Order: Subject + Verb (+ Object) • Simple Statements (Affirmative with "be" & action verbs) • Yes/No Questions with "be" • Wh- Questions with "be" (What, Who, Where) • Negatives with "be" (is not/isn't) • Imperatives (Commands: Sit down)
A1 (Beginner)	✨ Grammar Essentials: ✏️ Writing Mechanics - Basics	• Capital Letters (Sentences, "I," names) • Punctuation: Full Stop (Period), Question Mark • Punctuation: Comma (in simple lists)
A1 (Beginner)	⚙️ Verbs in Depth: ⏳ Present Simple Tense	• Present Simple with "be" (Affirmative, Negative, Question) • Present Simple with other verbs (Habits, routines) • Spelling: Adding -s to verbs (he, she, it)
A2 (Elementary)	✨ Grammar Essentials: 🧩 Parts of Speech - Expanding	• Countable & Uncountable Nouns (basic) • Quantifiers: "some," "any," "much," "many," "a lot of" • Object Pronouns (me, you, him) • Possessive Pronouns (mine, yours) • Adverbs of Frequency (always, usually, never) • Adverbs of Manner (slowly, quickly - basic) • Comparative & Superlative Adjectives (regular: bigger, the biggest)
A2 (Elementary)	✨ Grammar Essentials: 🏗️ Sentence Structure - Expanding	• Questions with "do/does" (Present Simple) • Negatives with "do/does" (Present Simple) • "There is / There are" • Conjunction "because"
A2 (Elementary)	✨ Grammar Essentials: ✏️ Writing Mechanics - Expanding	• Punctuation: Exclamation Mark • Punctuation: Apostrophe for Possession (John's book) • Punctuation: Apostrophe for Contractions (isn't, don't) • Spelling: Common irregular plurals (man/men)
A2 (Elementary)	⚙️ Verbs in Depth: ⏳ Past & Future Tenses (Basics)	• Past Simple with "be" (was, were) • Past Simple with regular verbs (-ed) • Past Simple with common irregular verbs (go-went, eat-ate) • Questions & Negatives in Past Simple (did/didn't) • Present Continuous (Actions happening now) • Future with "going to" (Plans) • Future with "will" (Predictions - basic)
A2 (Elementary)	⚙️ Verbs in Depth: 🎭 Modals (Introduction)	• Modal "can/can't" (Ability, permission) • Modal "could/couldn't" (Past ability - basic) • Modal "would like" (Polite requests, offers)
B1 (Intermediate)	✨ Grammar Essentials: 🧩 Parts of Speech & 🏗️ Sentence Structure	• Relative Pronouns: "who," "which," "that" (Defining clauses) • Adverbs of Degree (very, too, enough) • Order of Adjectives • Wider Range of Conjunctions (so, while, if, although) • Zero, First & Second Conditionals • Questions with various tenses (review & expansion)
B1 (Intermediate)	✨ Grammar Essentials: ✏️ Writing Mechanics - Intermediate	• Commas in complex sentences (clauses, introductory phrases) • Semicolons & Colons (basic use for lists, related clauses) • Spelling: Common problem words, homophones (their/there/they're)
B1 (Intermediate)	⚙️ Verbs in Depth: ⏳ Perfect & Continuous Tenses	• Present Perfect Tense (Experiences, unfinished past - with for, since, ever, never, yet, already) • Present Perfect vs. Past Simple • Past Continuous Tense (Interrupted actions, background) • Past Continuous vs. Past Simple • "used to" (Past habits & states)
B1 (Intermediate)	⚙️ Verbs in Depth: 🎭 Modals & 🌱 Non-Finite Verbs (Introduction)	• Modals: "must/have to" (Obligation), "should/ought to" (Advice), "may/might" (Possibility) • Simple Passive Voice (Present Simple & Past Simple: The cake is made) • Infinitives of Purpose (I study to learn) • Verbs followed by Gerunds (like swimming) • Verbs followed by Infinitives (want to go) • Gerunds as Subjects (Swimming is fun)
B1 (Intermediate)	💡 Effective Word Choice & Style - Basics	• Using Synonyms to avoid repetition • Basic Phrasal Verbs (get up, put on) • Understanding Common Similes & Basic Idioms
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	✨ Grammar Essentials: 🧩 Parts of Speech & 🏗️ Sentence Structure (Advanced)	• Non-Defining Relative Clauses (who, which - with commas) • Relative Pronouns: "whose," "whom," "where," "when" • Participle Adjectives (-ed vs. -ing: bored/boring) • Third & Mixed Conditionals • Wishes & Regrets (I wish/If only) • Cleft Sentences for emphasis (It is/was... that...)
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	✨ Grammar Essentials: ✏️ Writing Mechanics - Advanced	• Advanced Comma Usage (non-defining clauses, appositives) • Effective Use of Semicolons & Colons • Using Dashes & Parentheses
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	⚙️ Verbs in Depth: ⏳ Perfect Continuous & Future Perfect Tenses	• Present Perfect Continuous (Emphasis on duration) • Past Perfect Tense (Actions before another past action) • Past Perfect Continuous • Future Perfect & Future Perfect Continuous (Introduction) • Review of all tenses in context
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	⚙️ Verbs in Depth: 🎭 Modals & 🌱 Non-Finite Verbs (Advanced)	• Modals for Deduction & Speculation (must be, might have been) • Passive Voice (all tenses, modals with passive) • Subjunctive Mood (Formal use: It is important that he be there) • Verbs followed by Gerunds or Infinitives (with change in meaning: stop, remember) • Perfect Gerunds & Infinitives • Participle Clauses (Having finished..., he went home)
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	🚀 Advanced Grammar: 💬➡️🗣️ Reported Speech	• Reported Statements (Tense shifts, pronoun changes) • Reported Questions • Reported Commands & Requests • Reporting Verbs (suggest, warn, advise)
B2 (Upper Intermediate)	💡 Effective Word Choice & Style - Intermediate/Advanced	• Precise Vocabulary (Formal vs. Informal, Denotation vs. Connotation) • Nuances in Synonyms • Expanding Range of Phrasal Verbs • Understanding Common Metaphors & Wider Idioms • Parallel Structure • Avoiding Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers • Linking Words & Cohesive Devices (however, therefore)
C1 (Advanced)	⚙️ Verbs in Depth: Mastery	• Advanced Passive Structures (causative 'have something done', impersonal passive) • Nuances of the Subjunctive Mood • Complex Gerund & Infinitive Structures • Reduced Participle Clauses
C1 (Advanced)	💡 Effective Word Choice & Style - Advanced	• Collocations (words that naturally go together) • Understanding & Using Formal/Informal Registers • Euphemisms & Dysphemisms • Nuances of Idiomatic Expressions • Advanced Cohesive Devices & Discourse Markers • Rhetorical Questions
C1 (Advanced)	🚀 Advanced Grammar Concepts	• Inversion with negative adverbials & other cases • Complex Cleft Sentences • Nominalization (turning verbs/adjectives into nouns) • Identifying Grammatical Structures for Persuasion (Rhetorical Grammar) • How Grammar Shapes Meaning in Extended Texts (Discourse Analysis Intro)
C1 (Advanced)	🌐 Grammar in Specialized Contexts - Application	• Grammatical Features of Academic Writing (formality, objectivity) • Hedging & Boosting in Academic Texts • Grammar for Clear Business Communication • Deliberate Grammatical Variation in Creative Writing • Key Grammatical Differences in World Englishes
C2 (Proficiency)	💡 Effective Word Choice & Style - Mastery	• Mastering Stylistic Variation & Register • Subtleties of Diction & Connotation • Advanced Idiomatic Usage & Cultural Nuances
C2 (Proficiency)	🚀 Advanced Grammar Concepts - Mastery & Analysis	• Flawless command of all grammatical structures • Highly nuanced use of syntax & style • Analyzing & Employing Complex Rhetorical Devices • Critical Discourse Analysis (Power & Ideology in Grammar) • Historical Grammar Awareness (Optional)
C2 (Proficiency)	✔️ Practical Skills: Editing & Proofreading - Mastery	• Advanced Self-Editing for Clarity, Conciseness & Impact • Proofreading for Publication-Level Accuracy • Understanding & Applying Editorial Feedback