Lesson 4: Fixed Expressions for Academic & Professional Communication
The Scaffolding of Sophisticated Discourse
Beyond creative idioms, there is a core set of fixed expressions that are the essential building blocks of formal communication. These phrases are discourse markers—they signal your intentions to your audience and structure the logical flow of your argument. Using these conventional phrases correctly is a clear sign of a C1-level ability to navigate academic and professional discussions.
Key Vocabulary
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Fixed Expression
A conventional phrase whose meaning or use is fixed and which is used in specific contexts.
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Discourse Marker
A word or phrase that organizes discourse and signals the speaker's intention (e.g., 'however', 'in conclusion').
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Conventional
Based on or conforming to what is generally done or believed.
Key Expressions by Function
Let's group these useful phrases by what they do.
1. To Add Another Point
- Expressions: On top of that, ... / As well as that, ... / Not only that, but...
- Application: Use these to add another piece of information to strengthen your argument.
- Example: The tour was very crowded. On top of that, the bus was 30 minutes late.
2. To Change the Subject
- Expressions: By the way, ... / Anyway, ... / Speaking of which, ...
- Application: Use "By the way" to introduce a completely new topic. Use "Speaking of which" to transition from something that was just mentioned.
- Example: I finished the report. By the way, are you going to the party on Saturday?
- Example: "I need to get my moto repaired." / "Speaking of which, do you know a good mechanic in Kampot?"
3. To Give Your Opinion
- Expressions: As far as I'm concerned, ... / From my point of view, ... / The way I see it, ...
- Application: These are excellent phrases to clearly and politely state your personal opinion.
- Example: As far as I'm concerned, the new coffee shop near the Old Market is the best in town.
4. To Politely Disagree
- Expressions: I see your point, but... / I take your point, but... / I understand what you're saying, however...
- Application: This is a crucial skill. You first show respect for the other person's opinion before giving your own, different view.
- Example: I see your point that a motorbike is faster, but I think a bicycle is better for enjoying the countryside.
Discourse in Action: A Formal Debate
Notice how the speaker uses these fixed expressions to build a structured, persuasive argument.
"My opponent has made some valid points. It is true that the proposed system is not without its flaws. Admittedly, the cost of implementation is a significant concern for many. Having said that, I believe she overlooks the long-term benefits. To be more specific, the efficiency gains will save the company millions over the next decade. Crucially, we must also consider the non-financial benefits, such as improved staff morale. In the final analysis, this is a necessary investment in our future."
Check Your Understanding
- You want to rephrase a complex idea in a simpler way. Which phrase should you use?
- a) Crucially,...
- b) In other words,...
- c) Having said that,...
Answer: b) In other words,...
- Which phrase is used to introduce a point that contrasts with the one you just made?
- a) To be more specific,...
- b) Having said that,...
- c) By way of illustration,...
Answer: b) Having said that,...
- The phrase "Admittedly,..." is used to...
- a) ...introduce your strongest point first.
- b) ...agree with an opponent's point before making your own.
- c) ...summarize your entire argument.
Answer: b) ...agree with an opponent's point before making your own.
Your Mission
- Structure an Argument: Combine the following two ideas into one complex sentence using a phrase of concession: "1. The plan is risky. 2. It has a high potential for reward."
- Add Formal Emphasis: Rewrite this simple sentence to sound more formal and emphatic using a phrase from the lesson: "You must remember that the report is due on Friday."
- The C1 Writing Challenge: Write a short paragraph (3-4 sentences) arguing for or against a topic (e.g., "Should all university education be free?"). Your mission is to use at least two different fixed expressions from this lesson to structure your argument.