Grammar: Cohesion & Coherence
C1 Lesson 5: Advanced Cohesive Devices
Why It Matters: B1 vs. C1
Using more sophisticated linking words is a key step in moving from an intermediate to an advanced writer. Compare the two sentences below.
He is a very good student, but he can be lazy sometimes.
He is a very good student. Nevertheless, he can be lazy at times.
Linking Words by Function 📖
These words and phrases act as signposts for your reader, showing the logical relationship between your sentences.
1. Adding & Reinforcing Ideas
- Furthermore / Moreover: Used to add another significant point.
"The new park will provide a space for recreation. Furthermore, it will help to improve air quality." - In addition to (+ -ing/noun): Used to add to a previous point.
"In addition to creating jobs, the new factory will boost the local economy." - Notably / In particular: Used to highlight a specific, important example.
"Several artists have flourished in Battambang. Notably, Loeum Lorn has gained international recognition."
2. Showing Contrast & Concession
- Nevertheless / Nonetheless: A strong word for a surprising contrast; means 'despite that'.
"The journey was long and tiring. Nevertheless, it was an unforgettable experience." - Conversely: Used to introduce a completely opposite idea.
"Some argue technology brings people together. Conversely, others claim it fosters social isolation." - Admittedly: Used to agree with an opposing point before refuting it.
"Admittedly, the initial investment is high; however, the long-term return is expected to be significant."
3. Showing Result & Concluding
- Consequently / As a result: Shows a direct result.
"He did not study for the exam. Consequently, he failed." - In essence: To summarize a complex point.
"In essence, the new strategy is about focusing on quality over quantity."
💡 Pro Tip: Punctuation is Key!
When these words connect two complete sentences, you must use either a period (.) or a semicolon (;) before them. A comma alone is not strong enough.
Correct: The project was successful. However, it was over budget.
Correct: The project was successful; however, it was over budget.
Incorrect: The project was successful, however, it was over budget.
Practice Your Grammar 🎯
Exercise: Choose the Right Device
Choose the most logical cohesive device to complete each sentence.
- The plan is well-researched and has strong financial backing. _______, it has the full support of the community. (Nevertheless / Furthermore)
→ Answer: Furthermore (This adds another positive point.) - He is extremely wealthy. _______, he lives a very simple and humble life. (Consequently / Conversely)
→ Answer: Conversely (This introduces a directly opposite idea.) - The company did not listen to customer feedback. _______, its sales declined sharply. (As a result / Moreover)
→ Answer: As a result (The decline is a direct result.)
Your Grammar Mission ⭐
Connect Your Ideas
Combine these pairs of sentences using an appropriate cohesive device from the lesson. Remember to use correct punctuation!
- He is a world-renowned expert in his field. He has written three best-selling books on the topic.
→ Example: He is a world-renowned expert in his field; moreover, he has written three best-selling books on the topic. - The storm was very strong. The ancient temple was not damaged.
→ Example: The storm was very strong. Nevertheless, the ancient temple was not damaged.
Key Vocabulary
- Cohesive Device / Linking Word Words and phrases that act like glue to link text together smoothly.
- Coherence The quality of being logical and consistent, making something easy to understand.
- Concession The act of admitting that something is true, often before making a counter-argument.
- To Refute To prove a statement or theory to be wrong or false.