Using Discourse Markers to Sound More Fluent
CEFR Level B2Lesson Goals
In this lesson, you will learn to identify key discourse markers and understand how they are used to structure a formal argument, making your own speaking and writing more logical and advanced.
What Are Discourse Markers?
Discourse markers are words or phrases like "however," "furthermore," or "in conclusion." Think of them as signposts on a road. They guide the listener, showing them where your argument is going—whether you're adding a point, changing direction, or arriving at your destination.
Using them correctly is a key skill at the B2 level that will make your English sound more organized and fluent.
Common Markers and Their Functions
| Function (Its Job) | Example Markers |
|---|---|
| Sequencing / Adding Points | Firstly, Secondly, Furthermore, Moreover, In addition |
| Showing Contrast | However, On the other hand, Nevertheless, Whereas |
| Giving Examples | For instance, For example, To illustrate |
| Showing Result/Conclusion | Therefore, Consequently, As a result, In conclusion |
Practice: Following an Argument
Listen to the short presentation in the audio player. As you listen, follow along with the text below and notice how the bolded discourse markers guide you through the speaker's ideas.
"There are numerous benefits to learning a foreign language, beyond simply being able to travel. Firstly, it significantly improves your cognitive abilities. For example, studies have shown that bilingual people are better at problem-solving. Furthermore, learning a new language opens up professional opportunities. Many international companies, especially here in Cambodia's tourism sector, require employees who can speak more than one language. On the other hand, some people argue that it's too difficult and time-consuming. However, I believe the long-term benefits far outweigh the initial challenges. Therefore, I would argue that investing time in language learning is one of the most rewarding things a person can do for their personal and professional development."
Analysis: Mapping the Argument
Let's break down how the speaker built their argument step-by-step using the discourse markers as a map:
- Firstly... (Signals the start of the first main point).
- For example... (Provides evidence to support the first point).
- Furthermore... (Adds a second, related benefit).
- On the other hand... (Introduces a different or opposing idea).
- However... (Contrasts the opposing idea and returns to the main argument).
- Therefore... (Signals the final summary or conclusion).
Practice: Identify the Marker's Function
Listen to the sentences in the audio player. Choose the function of the bolded discourse marker.
-
"The weather was beautiful. Consequently, all the outdoor tours were fully booked."
Function? (a) Adding a point, (b) Showing a result, (c) Giving an example
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"The first reason is the cost. Moreover, we need to consider the time commitment."
Function? (a) Showing contrast, (b) Concluding, (c) Adding another point
-
"Some ancient sites are very well preserved. To illustrate, look at the carvings at Banteay Srei."
Function? (a) Giving an example, (b) Showing a result, (c) Showing contrast
Show Answers
Answers: 1-b, 2-c, 3-a
Vocabulary
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Discourse Marker (noun) [សញ្ញាសម្គាល់នៃវាក្យស័ព្ទ]
A word or phrase that organizes speech/writing and signals the logical relationship between ideas.
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Cognitive Abilities (noun phrase) [សមត្ថភាពយល់ដឹង]
Mental skills related to thinking, reasoning, remembering, and problem-solving.
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To Outweigh (verb) [មានសារៈសំខាន់ជាង]
To be more important, valuable, or significant than something else.
Your Mission
Apply what you've learned with these two tasks.
- Marker Hunt: Watch a TED Talk on a topic that interests you. Listen for discourse markers and write down at least one marker the speaker uses for each function: Adding a point, showing contrast, giving an example, and concluding.
- Structure an Argument: Think of an opinion you have (e.g., "Siem Reap should have more public parks."). Write a short, 3-4 sentence argument for it, using at least three different discourse markers (e.g., "Firstly...", "However...", "Therefore...") to structure your thoughts.